^16:1 But I commend to you Phoebe, our sister, who is in the ministry of the church that is in Cenchrae: [n. 1193]
^16:2 That you receive her in the Lord as befits the saints and that you assist her in whatsoever business she will have need of you. For she also has assisted many, and myself also. [n. 1195]
^16:3 Greet Prisca and Aquila, my helpers, in Christ Jesus [n. 1198]
^16:4 (Who have for my life laid down their own necks: to whom not I only give thanks, but also all the churches of the gentiles), [n. 1199]
^16:5 And the church which is in their house. Greet Epenetus, my beloved, who is the firstfruits of Asia in Christ. [n. 1200]
^16:6 Greet Mary, who has labored much among you. [n. 1201]
^16:7 Greet Andronicus and Junias, my kinsmen and fellow prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. [n. 1202]
^16:8 Greet Ampliatus, most beloved to me in the Lord. [n. 1203]
^16:9 Greet Urbanus, our helper in Christ Jesus and Stachys, my beloved. [n. 1204]
^16:10 Greet Apellas, approved in Christ. Greet those who are of Aristobulus’s house. [n. 1205]
^16:11 Greet Herodian, my kinsman. Greet those who are of Narcissus’ house, who are in the Lord. [n. 1206]
^16:12 Greet Tryphaena and Tryphosa, who labor in the Lord. Greet Persis, the dearly beloved, who has labored much in the Lord. [n. 1207]
^16:13 Greet Rufus, elect in the Lord, and his mother and mine. [n. 1208]
^16:14 Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes: and the brethren who are with them. [n. 1209]
^16:15 Greet Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympias: and all the saints who are with them. [n. 1210]
^16:16 Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ greet you. [n. 1211]

1193. After mentioning certain personal matters about himself to the Romans to whom he was writing, the Apostle now presents certain personal matters pertaining to others.

In regard to this he does three things:

first, he suggests what they should do for others;

second, he tells what others do to them, at all the churches;

third, he ends the epistle with thanksgiving, at but to him that is able (Rom 16:25).

In regard to the first he does two things:

first, he indicates whom they should welcome;

second, he shows whom they should avoid, at now I beseech you (Rom 16:17).

In regard to the first he requests that certain persons in particular be welcomed;

second, he points out in a general way how to greet them, at greet one another;

third, he greets them on the part of the faithful, at all the churches of Christ.

1194. In regard to the first he mentions a certain Corinthian woman who went to Rome. He recommends her to them, describing her, first of all, by name, saying: I commend to you Phoebe, who although devoted to God, did not have sufficient influence not to need letters of recommendation, as he once said of himself: do we need, as some do, letters of recommendation? (2 Cor 3:1).

Second, he describes her religion and faith, saying our sister. For all the women believers were called sisters and all the men brothers: you are all brothers (Matt 23:8).

Third, from her pious activity, when he says: who is in the ministry of the church that is in Cenchreae, a port city of the Corinthians, where some Christians were gathered whom this woman had served, just as it was said of Christ himself (Luke 8:3) that certain women provided for him out of their means. And about the widow to be enrolled 1 Timothy says: if she has shown hospitality and has washed the feet of the saints (1 Tim 5:10).

1195. Then he mentions two things he wants done for her, the first of which is that she be honorably received. And this is what he says: that you receive her in the Lord, i.e., for the love of God, as befits the saints, i.e., according as it is fitting to receive saints, for it says in Matthew: he who receives a just man because he is a just man shall receive a just man’s reward (Matt 10:41).

Instead of as befits the saints, some books have worthily enough, i.e., fittingly; but those texts do not agree with the Greek.

The second is that they be solicitous in helping her; hence he adds: and that you assist her, namely, by affording advice and aid in any enterprise she may need you. For she possibly had something to settle in Caesar’s curia.

1196. But 1 Thessalonians seems to be opposed to this recommendation, for it says: take care of your own business (1 Thess 4:11). As if to say: do not get involved in other people’s affairs.

The answer is that one can help in another’s affairs in two ways: first, in a worldly way, i.e., for the favor of men or for gain; and this does not befit God’s servants. No soldier of God gets entangled in civilian pursuits (2 Tim 2:4).

In another way someone may help in another’s affairs out of piety; for example, to help the needy and the wretched, and this is religious according to James: religion pure and undefiled before God and the Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself unstained from this world (Jas 1:27). It is in this way that the Apostle speaks here.

1197. Finally, the Apostle tells why this is owed to her, saying: for she also has assisted many, and myself also: tell the just that it shall be well with them, for they shall eat the fruit of their deeds (Isa 3:10); blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy (Matt 5:7).

1198. Then he recommends other persons connected with him to be greeted, saying: greet Prisca and Aquila, who was her husband, but he mentions her first, perhaps because of the greater devotion of her faith, my helpers in Christ, i.e., in preaching the faith of Christ.

For he stayed with them in Corinth, as is found in Acts (Acts 18:1–3).

1199. Who have for my life laid down their own necks, i.e., put themselves in danger of death to save my life, an indication of the greatest charity: greater love has no man than that he lay down his life for his friends (John 15:13).

This seems to have happened at Corinth where Paul suffered persecution, as is found in Acts (Acts 18:6). Or perhaps it is better to say that others exposed themselves to danger for the Apostle. For what is read in Acts (Acts 18:21) occurred when Prisca and Aquila left Rome for Corinth. But the Apostle wrote this, when he thought they were still at Rome.

Now the Apostle’s life was necessary not so much for himself as for others, as he says in Philippians: but to remain in the flesh is more necessary on your account (Phil 1:24). Therefore he continues: to whom not only I give thanks but also all the churches of the gentiles, whose apostle and teacher I am: a teacher of the gentiles in faith and truth (1 Tim 2:7); greet also the church which is in their house. For they had many believers assembled in their house.

1200. Then he wants another person joined to him by love to be greeted, saying: greet Epenetus, my beloved, who is the firstfruits of Asia in Christ. This lent him great dignity: you have come to the assembly of the firstborn, who are enrolled in heaven (Heb 12:23). But at that time he was in Rome.

1201. Then he says: greet Mary, who has labored much among you to restore concord among them, and when she failed in her endeavor, she notified the Apostle: the fruit of good labors is renowned (Wis 3:15).

1202. Then he says, greet Andronicus and Junias, whom he describes, first, from their race when he says: my kinsmen. This shows that they were Jews, about whom he said above: who are my kinsmen according to the flesh (Rom 9:3). Second, from the suffering they endured for Christ, saying and fellow prisoners. For they had been in prison once with the Apostle: with far more imprisonments (2 Cor 11:23). Third, from their authority when he says: who are of note among the apostles, i.e., noble among the preachers: her husband is honorable in the gates (Prov 31:23). Fourth, from the time, when he says: who also were in Christ before me. For they had been converted before the Apostle and thus were owed greater respect: do not rebuke an older man, but exhort him as you would a father (1 Tim 5:1).

1203. Then he says, greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord, beloved in the love of charity, which is in Christ: God is my witness, how I yearn for you all with the affection of Christ Jesus (Phil 1:8).

1204. Then he says, greet Urbanus, our helper in Christ, i.e., in preaching the faith: a brother helped is like a strong city (Prov 18:19), and Stachys, my beloved. He mentions them together, perhaps because they lived together or were connected in some other way.

1205. Then he says, greet Apellas, approved in Christ, perhaps through certain tribulations: when he has tried me, I shall come forth as gold (Job 23:10).

1206. Then he says, greet those who are of the house, i.e., of the family, of Aristobulus, in whose house many believers were gathered whom he does not greet, perhaps because he was absent for some reason. Then he says, greet my kinsman Herodion, who from the designation is said to be Jewish.

Then he says, greet those who are of Narcissus’ house, who is said to have been a presbyter and wandered through desert places to comfort the faithful. Hence the Apostle, knowing that he was away, did not ask that he be greeted but his family.

Yet there were some unbelievers in this family, and therefore to note the difference, he says: who are in the Lord, because he was asking only believers to be greeted: if anyone comes to you and does not bring the doctrine, do not receive him into your house or give him any greeting (2 John 5:10).

1207. Then he says, greet Tryphaena and Tryphosa, who labor in the Lord, i.e., in ministering to the saints, which the Lord regards as done to himself, as it says in Matthew: as you did it to one of these, the least of my brethren, you did it to me (Matt 25:40).

Then he says, greet Persis, the dearly beloved, whom the Apostle especially loved for his devotion. Hence he adds: who has labored much in the Lord, i.e., by exhorting others and ministering to the saints, and even in poverty and other spiritual works: in toil and hardship, in hunger and thirst (2 Cor 11:27).

1208. Then he says, greet Rufus, elect in the Lord, i.e., in the grace of Christ: he chose us in him before the foundation of the world (Eph 1:4); also his mother, according to the flesh, and mine, because she was his mother as a benefactor. For she had served the Apostle at one time, although she was not in Rome: older women like mothers, younger women like sisters, in all purity (1 Tim 5:2).

1209. Then he says, greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brethren who are with them. He greets them together, because they lived together in harmony: God gives the lonely a home to live in (Ps 68:6).

1210. Then he says, greet Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympias and all the saints who are with them, i.e., sanctified in the faith of Christ: you were washed, you were sanctified (1 Cor 6:11).

1211. Then he shows them in general how to greet others, saying: greet one another with a holy kiss, which he says to distinguish it from a sensual kiss, about which Proverbs says: she seizes him and kisses him (Prov 7:13); and to distinguish it from a deceitful kiss, about which Proverbs says: better are wounds from a friend than the fraudulent kisses of an enemy (Prov 27:6).

The holy kiss is given as a sign of the blessed Trinity: O that he would kiss me with the kiss of his mouth (Song 1:2). From this the custom arose in the Church whereby the faithful give one another the kiss of peace during the solemnities of the Mass.

1212. Then he greets them on behalf of the other churches, saying: all the churches of Christ greet you, i.e., those assembled in the name and faith of Christ, because all wish your salvation and pray for you: pray for one another, that you may be saved (Jas 5:16).