谈做一个公教徒

与 On Being Catholic 对照
Thomas Howard

1 喜讯

1 The Glad Tidings

把罗马公教会说成是喜讯,在某些人看来,简直会引起公愤和难以置信。

To speak of the Roman Catholic Church as glad tidings is to rouse scandal and incredulity in some quarters.

比如,有些人生来就在这教会里长大,他们会坚持说,自己所有的经历都让他们把这教会看成一个暴君。无论是十岁时头昏脑胀地被人一遍遍往脑袋里灌《巴尔的摩教理问答》的死记硬背答案,还是小小的指关节被一位凶悍修女手里的尺子打得生疼,还是一主日又一主日,在可怕的讲道里,罪疚和困惑一层层压在他们身上——无论哪一种,他们都会告诉我们,这个教会无论如何都不可能和什么叫人振奋的好消息扯上关系。在他们看来,「黑暗」和「缩成一团的奴役感」似乎更贴切。

For example, some who were born into this Church will urge that their whole experience led them to conceive of the Church as of a tyrant. Whether it was a matter of having rote replies to the Baltimore Catechism drummed into their aching ten-year-old heads, or of their little knuckles being cracked with a ruler wielded by a fierce nun, or of guilt and confusion being compounded upon them in dire homilies Sunday after Sunday—one way or another, they will tell us, this Church can by no stretch of fancy be thought of in connection with any very encouraging tidings. Darkness and cringing bondage would seem to them to strike the note more exactly.

还有一些人,尤其是那些一生都在教会外面观望这教会的、热心的非公教基督徒,会主动表示:罗马公教所传的,根本不是喜讯,而是对福音的歪曲。他们会说,本该是「来吧,从你捆绑和罪中得释放」这样的呼召,在公教里却变成把人越缠越紧,使人陷入更深的罪疚和不确定里。本该是那种「终于得救了」的确信所带来的明亮确据,我们却看见公教徒在劳苦奔波,心里发愁,天堂是不是太奢望了点。本该是我们从保罗那里听见的「所以,我们只管坦然无惧的,来到施恩的宝座前」,我们却看见农民、山里人,还有戴着头巾的老妪,在又破又脏的小圣龛和洞穴小堂点蜡烛、献祈祷,苦苦想在神的怜悯边缘勉强找个小小的立足点。

Others, especially zealous non-Catholic Christian believers who have watched this Church from the outside for a lifetime, will volunteer that, far from glad tidings, what Roman Catholicism purveys by way of gospel is a travesty. Instead of the invitation to come and be set free from your bondage and sin, they will tell us, Catholicism tangles one ever more deeply in guilt and uncertainty. Instead of the bright assurance that attends the conviction that one has at last been “saved”, we find Catholics toiling along wondering if heaven is too much to hope for. Instead of “let us therefore come boldly to the throne of grace”, which we hear from St. Paul, we find peasants and Montagnards and crones in babushkas lighting candles and offering prayers at squalid shrines and grottoes in a forlorn attempt to find some modest toehold on the fringes of the Divine Mercy.

还有人会指着历史发问:十字军东征、宗教裁判所、被废除的宽容敕令、博尔吉亚家族的教宗、以及各种狡猾的外交手腕,这些能和什么喜讯扯得上关系吗?

And yet others will point to history and ask what sort of gladness may be said to attach to crusades, inquisitions, revoked edicts, Borgia popes, and crafty diplomacy.

除此以外,人们有时还会说:你看,那向牧羊人、穷人、腓立比的禁卒、还有车上的埃提阿伯人所带来的、又单纯又喜乐的信息,「不要怕!」、「要信!」,如今却被各种苦修、告解、义务、咒诅和炼狱的说法层层勒住、窒息了。那些喜讯在哪儿呢?到底在哪儿呢?

And besides all this, it is sometimes remarked, look how the simple message that brought joy to shepherds, to the poor, to the jailer in Philippi, and to the Ethiopian in his chariot, of “Fear not!” and “Believe!”—look how this has been choked with penances and confessions and obligations and anathemas and Purgatory. Where are these glad tidings? Where indeed?

要对这些看法提出回应,首先必须体谅说这些话的人是认真的。没有人会凭空捏造出这些对公教会的评论。这些严厉批评的背后,确实有一些东西。教会的批评者可以指出许多事,让他们感到困惑,甚至愤怒。比如,历史上新教的见证人曾在公教会点燃的火刑堆里痛苦呼号;又比如,梵蒂冈和若干国家签署协约,使无权无势的成千上万人失去以非公教徒身份敬拜的自由;又比如,太多公教信徒自己,大概也是带着基督徒的身份入土为安,却从未真正明白过这信息里那一面「喜讯」。

The effort to mount a rejoinder to such observations must allow for the earnestness of the observers. No one has cobbled up such remarks about the Catholic Church out of thin air. Something lies at the root of all these strictures. The Church’s interlocutors can point to many things that have aroused their confusion and even their wrath. Protestant witnesses, for example, have in times past cried out in agony from Catholic bonfires; and concordats have been signed between the Vatican and various states depriving powerless multitudes of their freedom to worship as non-Catholics; and too many of the Catholic faithful themselves have, no doubt, gone to Christian graves never having quite grasped the “glad” aspect of the tidings.

正是记着这些看似矛盾的情形,我才写下接下来这些页所要作出的辩护。我自己是这所古老罗马公教会里的一个后来者。我的基督徒养成,是在基督教世界里一个和罗马几乎处在两极对立的分支里发生的;然而,讽刺的是,正是那个基要主义新教,使我最终找到了进到教会的路,因为是那些基要主义者,尤其是我的父亲和母亲,把使徒所传下来的信仰教给了我。他们教导我:没有什么——全然没有什么——可以和「因我以认识我主基督耶稣为至宝」相比。他们在我心里扎下一个观念:顺服、事奉神这件事的分量是极其大的,它必须吞没人生中所有别的争夺我们心思注意力的事。而且,我想,他们还教导我,那种顺服和事奉所带来的平安与秩序——无论是在里面的人,还是在自己的家庭里——都是一种宝贵的财富,值得人最殷勤地渴慕和追求。除此以外的一切,归根结底都是虚幻、短暂并且终究会背叛人的。

It is with these anomalies in mind that I attempt the apologia that occupies the following pages. I myself am a late comer to the ancient Roman Catholic Church. My Christian nurture occurred in a wing of Christendom that stands at a polar remove from Rome; but it is to that Protestant Fundamentalism, ironically, that I owe my having at last found my way into the Church, for it was the Fundamentalists, most notably the figures of my father and mother, who taught me the apostolic faith. They taught me that there is nothing—nothing at all—that may be compared to the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus the Lord. They instilled in me the immense gravity of the matter, that to obey and serve God must swallow up all other contenders for one’s attention. And they taught me, I think, that the peace and order that follow upon such obedience and service, both in one’s inner man and in one’s household, are a treasure to be desired and sought most sedulously. Everything else is ultimately illusionary, fugitive, and perfidious.

就是从这样的起点,我踏上了那条旅程,最终把我带到了公教会。我在别处已经讲过那段故事[1],这里就不再重复了。我想,如果可以的话,试着说明,从哪些意义上我们可以说:尽管人们可以对罗马公教会提出最为严厉的指控,但听见她所教导的,其实就是听见了喜讯;而真正进入她的生命里,其实就是发现这喜讯是真的。这就是来到了那信仰的丰盛里,所有其他对基督福音的表达最终都是朝着这丰盛在走。

It was from such a beginning that I set out on the itinerary that brought me eventually to the Catholic Church. I have told that particular tale elsewhere,[1] and it is not my task to repeat it here. I would like, if I can, to put forward the senses in which it may be said of the Roman Catholic Church that, despite the most baleful charges that can be brought against her, nevertheless, to hear what she teaches is to have heard glad tidings, and to have entered truly into her life is to have found the tidings to be true. It is to have come to that fullness of the faith toward which all other renderings of the Christian gospel tend.

要断言公教会就是那信仰的丰盛,所有其他形式的基督信仰告白都是朝着这丰盛在趋近,这就把我们带回一个问题:人从本质上说是不是宗教性的?如果是,他的「宗教性」到底体现在哪里?我在这里要主张的是:只有在罗马公教会里,人类才能发现自己与生俱来的宗教性里所包含的一切东西。

To assert that the Catholic Church constitutes that fullness toward which all other forms of Christian profession tend is to send us back to the question of whether man is, in his essence, religious, and if so, in what does his “religiosity” consist? The assertion here is that it is only in the Roman Catholic Church that mankind may discover all that is implied in his native religiosity.