Figure 1. Map of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires at the time of Sirach 20

Figure 2. Timeline of Ptolemaic and Seleucid rule over Judea 22

Figure 3. The Ben Sira Scroll from Masada 30

Figure 4. Flowchart of Sirach texts and translations 36

Figure 5. The Ten Commandments in Hebrew 58 Figure 6. An ancient Israelite family 68

Figure 7. Model of the Jerusalem temple in the Second Temple period 199

Figure 8. An ancient Jewish wedding 213

Figure 9. Fresco of a symposion (banquet) 245

Figure 10. A Jewish scribe at work 287

Figure 11. The high priest ministering in the sanctuary 327

Figure 12. Hezekiah’s Tunnel in Jerusalem 344

Figure 13. Priestly blessing 353